Hunting and Gathering| Class 12 Geography Notes

Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025

Hunting and Gathering is a subpart of the Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 which is entitled as the Primary Activities. Hunting and Gathering are considered as the primary activities of the subsistence lifestyle where the people gather food from nature or the environment through hunting, fishing, and other measures of food gathering. It is the oldest form of the food-gathering process and contributed in a dynamic way in the way of human evolution. In past days, men were responsible for hunting and women were the gatherers. Men were responsible for hunting big animals and women gathered different types of fruits and vegetables. 

In this article, we are going to discuss the Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 subpart Hunting and Gathering in detail.

Table of Content

Class 12 Geography Chapter 4: Hunting and Gathering - Overview

Hunting and Gathering is known as the foraging culture. Any human culture of the human society depends on the different types of food gathering including hunting fishing or wild food gathering for subsistence. The Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 4 subpart Hunting and Gathering describes - 

  • Hunting and Gathering were man's first primary pursuits when humans usually lived in the woodlands. At that time they hunted animals as food to survive. Before that, they used to collect food from the trees for a living.
  • The primitive man lived off food plants. They mainly hunted the edible plants and collected wild elements from it. The early humans used to collect crude instruments like different stones, twigs, and arrows to hunt the wild elements and animals. But today, animal poaching and hunting are illegal.
  • The gathering process took place in high altitudes in some countries like Canada, Nort Eurasia, and South Chile. Some low-altitude zones also fall under this including the tropical regions.

Hunting and Gathering Process

The early human were dependent on the nature and environment for their food. They generally relied on the wild animals that they usually hunted and the edible plants that they gathered from the forest. Primitive societies were totally dependent on the wild animals and the process of hunting. The temperature and altitude were not a matter of fact at that time. The people of the coastal regions are usually dependent on catching fish. Nowadays, illegal poaching is prohibited as so many species have become extinct for this reason. Early humans usually used primitive tools like stone, twigs, and arrowes to hunt wild animals. 

Gathering was practiced in those regions where the climate was too harsh and extreme. It generally involved with the primitive people. They are usually dependent on animals and floral resources for their needs. The gathering process needs a low level of technology involvement and small capital resources as well. The yield amount will be very low and no surplus facility will not found.

Conclusion - Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 4 Hunting and Gathering

Hunting and Gathering is known as the foraging culture. It is the oldest form of the food-gathering process and contributed in a dynamic way in the way of human evolution. The gathering process is generally practiced in the high altitudes of Canada, Eurasia, and some low altitudes zones like the Amazon Basin and Australia. In modern times, the gathering process become a commercial and market-oriented substance. On the other hand, hunting and illegal activity by law. Today the gatherers collect the various parts of plants and make them usable for humans. In this article, we have discussed the Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 subpart Hunting and Gathering in detail.

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