http://www.time.gov/timezone.cgi?UTC/s/0/java
UTC to LOCAL
Time Converter
Converter
Chart (Feel free to print a copy
out for your personal use.)
What
is Universal Coordinated Time - UTC?
Converting
Eastern Standard Time
UTC -5
Central Standard Time
UTC -6
Mountain Standard Time
UTC -7
Pacific Standard Time
UTC -8
Alaska Standard Time
UTC -9
Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time
UTC -10
GENERAL ASTRONOMY TOPICS
Astrometry.net:
http://astrometry.net/
Deep
Sky Sketching and Observing http://www.skyrover.net/ds/
Magazine - Astronomy
Magazine http://www.astronomy.com/home.asp
Magazine - Sky
and Telescope Magazine http://skyandtelescope.com/
Planetarium Program - Your SKY - An Interactive Planetarium
FREE Online http://www.fourmilab.ch/yoursky/
Planetary Nebulae
Observers's http://www.blackskies.com/index1.html
Planetary Nebulae
http://www.icplanetaries.com/
Planets - Nine
Planets. - A multimedia tour of the solar system.
The Nine Planets is an overview of the history, mythology, and current
scientific knowledge of each of the planets and moons in our solar system.
RADIO Online - Planetary Astronomy - Listen to online FREE
radio shows on astronomy http://planetary.org./audio/planetaryradio.html
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
- http://cas.sdss.org/dr2/en/ This website presents data from the Sloan Digital Sky
Survey, a project to make a map of a large part of the universe. We would
like to show you the beauty of the universe, and share with you our
excitement as we build the largest map in the history of the world.
AstroWeb Links: http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/astroweb.html
ASTROBIOLOGY
Below you can learn all you need to
know about the Earth and Universe.
1. SPACE
2. NASA 3. SHUTTLE 4. UNIVERSE
5. ASTRONOMY 6. MAPS
ScienceIQ
(Delivers fascinating and engaging science facts daily to your email, and offers an extensive science facts online archive. Topics are diverse and range from the human mind to nanotechnology, and from basic scientific concepts to the latest discoveries.
First
Person +
View video in RealPlayer Mars
Exploration Rover site for more rover information.
Courtesy JPL/NASA
Best general astronomy book
for amateur astronomers and those wanting an easy to read description and
understanding of astronomy.
Best in-depth introduction
to astrophysics book below. Requires some math abilities to fully
appreciate.
FORMULAS
Astronomy
Formulas by James Q. Jacobs SCI.SPACE
FAQ No. 04 - space/math Graham
Pattison's CCD Astronomy - Telescope Formula's Astronomy
Formulas Definition
of Astronomy - wordIQ Dictionary & Encyclopedia [DOC] FORMULAS
FOR ASTRONOMY
[DOC] FORMULAS
FOR ASTRONOMY
EARTH'S SOLAR
SYSTEM
Calculate
distances (REAL TIME) between solar system planets and the sun.
Solar
System Running Dynamics - Orbital data (java). Click Here
Interactive
Java Solar System Model with data. Click HERE
SUN (Earth)
Solar X-rays:
From http://www.n3kl.org/sun/
Link to current sun image at high resolution. http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eit/images/latest_eit_304_full.gif
SUN STORMS - The
Movie!! - HERE
About
the Sun by the High Altitude Observatory (a good website for
beginners)
Sunblock '99 Edinburgh International Science Festival.
Boundless
Universe - What's the Sun
Yohkoh
Public Outreach Page Tour of the Sun- Surfing for Sunbeams! (Lockheed). Also see Yohkoh below.
Curious
About Astronomy? The Sun Cornell University.
SOHO
Explore Page More about SOHO on the Solar Missions Page.
Why
the Sun Shines by Wesley Colley, September 25, 1997,
Suite101.Com
How
the Sun Shines Nobel Prize website article.
Here
Comes the Sun BBC
Weather Centre Online
Here
Comes the Sun Plymouth
State College Weather Center
Information
about the Sun Astrocappella
Astronomy
in Motion: The Sun (grade school level)
The
Sun Athena, Earth
and Space Science for K-12
See Time
& Navigation . The
Sun Peoria Astronomical
Society
The
Sun Curtin
University of Technology (Perth, Australia)(At a high school level.)
Listening
to the Sun Australian Broadcasting Corp.
Pulse
of The Planet, January 2000 - Sounds of the Sun
Solar Max
2000.com - Presented By the Exploratorium
Sunspots-
The Exploratorium's Guide to Sunspots
Sunspots and
the Solar Cycle NASA sponsored website.
The
Sunspot Cycle Mount Wilson Observatory
Sunspots
and the Solar Maximum NASA Earth Observatory website.
Sunspot
Index Data Center Royal Observatory of Belgium.
ASTRO
201 General Topics (Cornell Univ. course), Structure
and Evolution of Star :
Nick
Strobel's Astronomy Lecture Notes
Astronomy
162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology Univ. of Tennessee
ASTR1120-002
General Astronomy II: Stars & Galaxies Course notes by
Richard McCray @ Univ. of Colorado:
ASTR
103 - Astronomy Supplement Text Contents George Mason University
The
Sun: An Introduction to Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD) St Andrews
University (UK)
UCSB
Astrophysics Web SunSpots Interactive Lab the UC
Santa Barbara Interactive Astrophysics Arcade
A
Virtual Tour of the Sun
Layers
of the sun Plasmas
- the 4th State of Matter
Scientific
American: Ask the Experts: Astronomy :
by Leon Golub and Jay M. Pasachoff. © May 2001.
Harvard University Press.
Gunther
Groenez's Solar Observing and Astrophotography An amateur solar
observer in Belgium with his work and many useful links.
Tony
Smith:
Beginner's
Radio Propagation Primer AE4RV A.R.T.S. Club Technet
Solar
Oscillations Investigations (Stanford)
Helioseismology :
The
Sun , The
Solar Wind , and The
Corona SPARTAN
The
Solar Wind The
Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere
Solar
Flare Tutorial NASA GSFC Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar
Physics
Overview
of Solar Flares High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI)
National
Solar Observatory / Sacramento Peak
Cosmic and
Heliospheric Learning Center associated with the ACE spacecraft:
BASS 2000 - French
solar data base solar
spectrum data.
Space
Weather.Com NASA
Lycos
Link Directory- Science - Astronomy - Solar Astronomy
The
Solar Neutrino Problem
Implications
of Solar Neutrino Experiments U Penn
John N.
Bahcall : An
Account of the Development of the Solar neutrino Problem
SDAC
Home Page
Hiraiso/CRL
Online Information Japan
Solar
Terrestrial Dispatch Homepage
AstroWeb:
Astronomy Internet Resources Links
Solar
Astronomy also AstroWeb.
The following WWW links will take
you directly to the various web site pages. Your browser URL
address line will tell you the origin of the site.
See
the International Space Station from Your City!
Click on the solar image
for more information.Click here for
more solar information. The
powers of 10. Click here - No it isn't quite what you might think.
Small
foot-print astronomical programs.
alw202.zip WIN32s, Win95, 98, NT Astronomy Lab 2 is one of the most innovative,
interesting, and useful 32-bit Windows shareware astronomy programs available.
Astronomy Lab 2 generates animated movies that simulate a host of astronomical
events (including solar and lunar eclipses, lunar occultations, planetary
occultations, transits of Mercury and Venus, the orbits of Jupiter's bright
moons, and the motions of the planets in the plane of the ecliptic). In
addition, Astronomy Lab 2 produces several reports that contain predictions of
the most important and exciting astronomical events of the present, future and
past. Also, Astronomy Lab 2 generates several graphs that illustrate many
fundamental astronomical concepts.
CIRCUMSPACE
v1.0 DOS 192kb A space travel simulator from the author of SkyGlobe.
Displays the sky as seen from anywhere within several hundred light years of
Earth. Click to travel instantly to any of 7780 stars, or choose the warp mode
to animate the journey quickly and smoothly. Learn which stars are neighbours
and which distant. A great way to show off 386 and local bus technology. No
maths chip needed. $15 reg.
ECU
(Earth Centred Universe) Dave Lane's excellent shareware planetarium and
telescope control program. .
DOB_PC DOS 165kb Displays the object's Azimuth and Elevation in real-time on the
screen. As well as a Dobsonian telescope, you need a laptop personal computer
which is running under MS-DOS or Windows. No advanced graphics modes are
required. DOB-PC will even work with a PC based on an 8088. You need a 3.5
inch disk drive which can be used to load the program and data files onto your
hard disk or, if you have no hard disk, to run the program directly from the
floppy disk. You simply choose an object, which can be a bright star, a
Messier object, an NGC object or a planet, and DOB_PC displays, on the screen
of your laptop computer, the direction to point your Dobsonian at that
particular instant.
optical.zip DOS, 26kb Given mirror diameter, focal ratio and eyepiece details, this
program will compute: Aperture, Mirror F.L., Effective F-stop, Eyepiece F.L.,
Telescope Power, Eye Relief, Ramsden Disk, Mag. Limit, Dawes Limit. Includes
Pascal source code.
PC-space DOS, 114kb: navigate space in realistic 3-D with this freeware simulator.
Planet DOS, 43kb This Program computes information relating to the position,
distance, magnitude, etc.. for the major planets on a specified date and time.
Refer to PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY WITH YOUR CALCULATOR by Peter Duffett-Smith for
the calculation methods. Includes Pascal source code.
react.bas DOS, 4kb A small QBASIC utility that uses blinking stars to measure your
reaction time. Use this to establish your personal equation for occultation
timings.
rtastro.zip DOS, 271kb Displays Alt and Az of object or of point of known RA and Dec.
This software was initially written to make life easier for owners of
Dobsonian reflecting telescopes, which use simple alt- azimuth mountings,
instead of the heavier and more expensive equatorial mountings found on many
telescopes. However, it has turned out to be extremely valuable for observers
using any kind of telescope, or binoculars. It allows one to determine very
quickly whether an object is visible, and if so, how high in the sky it is. It
also allows one to select a sequence of objects, and display information about
each one. It corrects positions of objects in catalogs for precession, and
also contains a very accurate determination of local sidereal time, typically
within one or two seconds of the sidereal time calculated by the U.S. Naval
Observatory's "Floppy Almanac". This information is updated
continuously, yielding accurate real-time values for an object's altitude,
azimuth, and for sidereal time, for as long as you wish.
SKYGLOBE
v3.6 DOS 369kb Award-winning Top Ten PC planetarium program that is fast,
fun, and easy to use. SkyGlobe has over 29,000 stars, constellation lines, the
planets, Sun, and Moon, the Milky Way, the Messier Objects, and much more. It
is the fastest program of its kind available, and uses the mouse or convenient
command keys. Now with better printing, GIF image display, and support for up
to 250,000 stars! $20 reg fee.
StarClock1.0 DOS, 70kb is a freeware program for PC/DOS machines (VGA required) which
animates evolution of stars (0.8 to 25 solar masses, solar metallicity) in the
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, more exactly in the log(L/L_solar) vs. log(T_eff)
plane.
StarTrak Psion 3 series is a computerised database, containing information on the
planets, all the Messier objects, as well as a number of other objects in the
sky.
WinMeeus Win3.1 116kb (aka AstroWin and AstroMeeus) Accurately calculates solar system
phenomena (rise and set times, lunar phase, calendars, eclipses, twilight,
etc.). It is an implementation of selected algorithms from Astronomical
Formulae for Calculators by Jean Meeus.
For Palm OS. . . http://balinka.com/palm.htm
For PDA use . . . . http://www.eastbayastro.org/index/advices/astro-pdas.htm
Interesting software
. . . http://astrotips.com
Downloadable
software . . . http://www.scienceu.com/library/software/download/astronomy/index.html
Home Planet . . . http://www.fourmilab.ch/homeplanet/hp3.html
Mercury
Venus
Free http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/online.bks/mars/contents.htm
MARS
Mars Global Surveyor
Another strange Mars image - MARS Cookies?
MORE STRANGE IMAGES http://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/strangestructures2.htm
MARS Anomalies
Water
on MARS!
NASA
- Mars Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home Mars
Exploration: Home Center
for Mars Exploration Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home Mission
to Mars Mars
Exploration: Home Mars
Exploration Timeline
MARS
Images
MSSS
Mars Image Directory Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home Thermal
Emission Spectrometer Project Homepage NSSDC
Photo Gallery: Mars Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home NASA
- Mars The
ALPO.Mars Section Observing Alert THEMIS:
Latest Images
MARS
Rover
Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home Mars
Exploration Rover Mission: Home SPACE.com
-- Mars Rover Special Report BBC
NEWS | Science/Nature | Mars rover gets ready to roll Mission
to Mars Mars
Rover Mission Blog Wired
News: Mars Rover, Send Wheels on Over CNN.com
- New rover sees red planet with 3-D eyes - Jan. 5, 2004
Planet
Mars Mars The
Planet Mars Explore
the planet Mars with realistic Mars habitats, rockets Welcome
to the Planets Welcome
to the Planets: Mars Planet
MARS Home Page USGS
Astro - Mars - Browse the Solar System The
Planet Mars
EARTH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(planet )The
Nine Planets Journey
to Planet Earth | PBS Discovery
Channel :: Planet Earth Guide Save
Our Planet Earth Earth
and Moon Viewer
Earth Science
Center
for International Earth Science Information Network Earth
Science Picture of the Day Virtual
Library: Earth Science University
of Calgary, Geology and Geophysics Earth
Science World - Gateway to the Geosciences Yahoo!
Directory Earth Sciences Lessons www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00128252 For
Kids Only - Earth Science Enterprise
MOON
(Earth)
Atlas
of the Moon http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/craters_section_02.htm
The
Moon (ours) http://www.stargazing.net/david/moon/
Explore
the Moon from Home http://www.lunar-reclamation.org/page2.htm
Hitchhiker's
Guide to the Moon http://www.shallowsky.com/moon/index.html
Free
Moonrise Program http://www.iserv.net/~bsidell/moonrise.htm
Moon
Statistics http://www.webels.com/birth_of_the_moon/moon_statistics.htm
Moon
Phases - anytime http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/vphase.html
Astronomy
For Kids The
Moon - Zoom Astronomy LunarPhase
Pro - Moon Astronomy Software - Lunar Observer's Moon
Survey More
results from moon.astronomy.cz ]AllRefer
Encyclopedia - hunter's moon (Astronomy, General) s AllRefer
Encyclopedia - harvest moon (Astronomy, General) APOD:
November 8, 1999 - Lunation ASTRO
KIDS: The Moon
Jupiter
http://www.wvp-consulting.com/astronomy/jupiter.html
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/jupiter.htm
http://www.the-planet-jupiter.com/
The
Planet Jupiter
Planet
Jupiter pictures
The
Planet Jupiter Jupiter The
Planet Jupiter The
Planet Jupiter Photo Gallery The
Planets: Understanding Astrology - astrology.com Jupiter
Saturn
Saturn
(planet) - Wikipedia
http://www.the-planet-saturn.com/
http://www.wvp-consulting.com/astronomy/saturn.html
Courtesy JPL/NASA
Rings as seen by
CASSINI - For high resolution click URL below: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA05421.jpg
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA05421.jpg
The
Planet Saturn Saturn The
Nine Planets The
Planet Saturn The
Planet Saturn: General Features The
Planets: Understanding Astrology - astrology.com The
Sixth Planet from the Sun: Saturn USGS
Astro - Saturn - Browse the Solar System
Outter
Planets
New
Planets?? Sedna?
Sedna
- an new planet?
A
planetoid - Sedna?
IAU
naming
Stellar
Evolution
Astronomy
HyperText Book: Stellar Evolution Chandra
:: Field Guide to X-ray Astronomy :: Stellar Evolution Stellar
Evolution on PC theUK.com:
Science and Health / Physics and Astronomy / Stellar ... Astronomy
Education at the ASP -- Site Update Stellar
Evolution Astronomy Stellar Evolution - Astronomy Astronomy
Today - Space Science - Stellar Evolution Stellar
Evolution Simulation theUK.com:
Science and Health / Physics and Astronomy / Stellar ... MizMoz
Directory - Astronomy Stellar Evolution Astronomy
101/103 Web Simulations Google
Directory - Science > Astronomy > Stars > Stellar Evolution Stellar
Evolution: Main Sequence AllRefer
Encyclopedia - stellar evolution (Astronomy, General) ... Astronomy:
Stars and Stellar Evolution Guide
to Space & Astronomy Stellar
Evolution PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY The
Telson Spur: Field Nodes -- Astronomy (10): Galactic and ... Astronomy
Research Themes : Stellar Evolution The
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram The
Hertzsprung Russell Diagram Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram - Wikipedia Hertzsprung-Russell
Diagram -- from Eric Weisstein's World of ... Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram HR
Diagram Description Hertzsprung-Russell
Diagram AllRefer
Encyclopedia - Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (Astronomy ...
Star
Charts & Calendars Astronomy
What's Up This Month Moon Phase
Calendar National
Geographic's Star Journey North
American Skies Old
Farmer's Almanac Heavenly Details Skymaps.com Astronomy
News, Star Charts, Space Pictures - Astronomy.com Astronomy
News, Star Charts, Space Pictures - Astronomy.com Data
Services Skymaps.com
- Publication Quality Sky Maps & Star Charts Skymaps.com:
Astronomy and Space Articles ASTRONOMY
WEBSITES – Planets, astronomy software, news, star ASTRONOMY
WEBSITES – Planets, astronomy software, news, star Online
Astronomy Planetarium
Software
Free
Northern Sky Program
http://www.hnsky.org/software.htm#hnsky
Download: Basic
package HNSKY222.EXE
TELESCOPES
Venus
transit sun Telescope losmandy mounts toucam philips green Sky
and Telescope - The Essential Magazine of Astronomy Astronomy
Resources at STScI Astronomy-Mall.com
Home Page Astromart
- Your global astronomy resource Welcome
to the Gemini Observatory OPT
- Astronomy Telescopes, Accessories, CCD and Digital Cameras KECK
Mirror at Caltech Astronomy astronomyLINKS - telescopes -
astronomy and space directory, links
Large
Telescopes Orbiting
Astronomical Observatories Instrumentation
at ESO drawings
of deepsky objects with large telescopes BBC
NEWS | Science/Nature | Astronomy's next big thing Astronomers
Rejoice at Chilean Telescope's First Light Title
Details - Cambridge University Press Australia
Telescope National Facility S*T*A*R
Astronomy - Telescope Making Links Telescope
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Space-based
Telescopes NASA
Technology Ground-based Observatory Guide Yahoo!
Directory Telescopes > Space-Based Space
Based Telescopes and Facilities Astronomy.com
| Terra Versus Space Hubble
Space Telescope: Research Links for Students Amateur
Astronomers to Put Telescope on International Space Those
Rings! Ground-Based Telescope Nabs Pics of Saturn to Rival Astronomy
Now Online
Telescopes Archive
of Astronomy Questions and Answers Minnesota
State University, Mankato: Astronomy Program Research
Guides by Subject - Insert Subject Here Astronomy
Links Astronomy
in the Coquimbo Region Prairie
Astronomy Club: Amateur Astronomy MSN
Encarta - Related Items - Telescope Astronomy Links
How
to Use a Meade ETX Telescope
http://www.edu-observatory.org/eo/etx.html Weasner's
Book Announcement! Weasner's
Mighty ETX Site Telescopes:
Meade Telescopes, Meade, Mead, Meade ETX, Mead ETX Meade
Instruments Corporation - ETX-90EC and Autostar Frequently Scientific
American Book Club Can't
Observe Using Meade ETX!! Help! - an Astronomy Net Meade Using
the Meade Etx: 100 Objects You Can Really See With the Using
the Meade ETX - Find your book at a cheap price with Kelkoo Meade
ETX-70AT Astro Telescopes Meade
ETX-70
History
of the Telescope
The
Telescope The
history of the telescope and the binocular HISTORY
OF THE TELESCOPE KIE
Evidence: The History of the Telescope History
of the Telescope - History of Binoculars Planetarium.Net
Telescope Buying Guide: Telescope History History
of the telescope - Pedro Ré's Astronomical CCD Imaging ...
The
Nine Planets (Ours)
A
Tour of our planets The
Nine Planets Welcome
to the Plan ets Extrasolar
Planets Encyclopaedia California
& Carnegie Planet Search EXPLORING
THE PLANETS - Gallery Entrance BBCi
- Space - Solar System
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.support Wikipedia's phenomenal growth.
Astronomy,
which etymologically means laws of the stars ,
is the science whose subject is the observation and explanation of
events outside Earth .
Astrophysics is the part of astronomy (and physics) that deals with
the application of physics to the phenomena observed by astronomy. Nearly all astronomers now
have a strong background in physics, and the results of observations
are usually put in an astrophysical context, so astronomy and
astrophysics are used with very close meaning
Astronomy is one of the
few sciences where amateurs still play an active role, especially in the discovery and monitoring
of transient phenomena.
Astronomy is not to be
confused with astrology ,
a pseudoscience which attempts to predict a person's destiny by tracking the paths of
astronomical objects. Although the two fields share a common origin,
they are quite different; astronomy embraces the scientific
method , while astrology, with no basis in science, does not.
NASA
ADS: ADS Home Page www.ency-astro.com/ link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/ Oxford
Astrophysics AstroWeb:
Astronomy/Astrophysics on the Internet Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics NASA's
HEASARC Astrophysics University
of Chicago Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics
Given its huge scope,
astronomy is divided into different branches. The divisions are not
unique, however, and the intersections, as well as astronomers who
work in several areas, are the rule more than the exception.
A first distinction is
between theoretical and observational astronomy and astrophysics.
Observers use a variety of means to obtain data about different
phenomena, data that is then used by theorists to create and constrain
theories and models, to explain observations and to predict new ones.
Fields of study are also categorized in another two main ways: by
subject, usually according to the region of space (e.g. Galactic
astronomy) or problems addressed (such as star formation or
cosmology); and according to the means of obtaining the data (e.g.
optical astronomy or radioastronomy)
Many of the important
subfields of astronomy have their own Wikipedia articles, such as the
following:
See list
of astronomical topics for a more exhaustive list of
astronomy-related pages.
In astronomy, the main
way of obtaining information is through the detection and analysis of electromagnetic
radiation , photons ,
but we also receive information from outside the earth carried by cosmic
rays , neutrinos ,
and, in the near future, gravitational
waves (see LIGO and LISA ).
A traditional division
of astronomy is given by the region of the electromagnetic
spectrum observed:
Optical
astronomy refers to the techniques used to detect and analyze light in and slightly around the wavelengths than can be detected with the eyes (about 400 - 800 nm). The most common tool is the telescope ,
with electronic
imagers and spectrographs .
Infrared
astronomy deals with using infrared radiation (wavelengths
longer than the red light). Again, the most common tool is the telescope ,
but with instruments sensitive to longer wavelengths; the
telescope itself can be optimized for infrared. Space telescopes
are also used to eliminate noise ( electromagnetic interference)
from the atmosphere.
Radio
astronomy uses completely different instruments to detect radiation of wavelengths of mm to cm. The receivers are similar to those
used in radio broadcast transmission (which uses those wavelengths of
radiation). See also Radio
telescopes .
High-energy
astronomy
Optical and radio
astronomy can be done using ground-based observatories ,
because the atmosphere is transparent at those wavelengths. Infrared light is heavily
absorbed by water
vapor , so infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry
places or in space.
The atmosphere is
opaque at the wavelengths used by X-ray
astronomy , gamma-ray
astronomy , UV
astronomy and, except for a few wavelength "windows", Far
infrared astronomy , and so observations can be carried out only
from balloons or space
observatories .
In the early part of
its history, astronomy involved only the observation and predictions
of the motions of the objects in the sky that could be seen with the
naked eye. The Rigveda refers to the 27 constellations associated with the motions of the sun and also the 12 zodiacal divisions of the sky. The ancient
Greeks made many important contributions to astronomy, among them
the definition of the magnitude system. The Bible contains a number of statements on the position of the earth in the
universe, the nature of the stars and planets, and so forth, most of
which are contradicted by modern astronomy; see Biblical
cosmology . In 500
AD , Aryabhata presented a mathematical system that took the earth to spin on its
axis and considered the motions of the planets with respect to the
sun.
The study of astronomy
almost stopped during the middle ages, except for the work of some Arabic astronomers. The renaissance came to astronomy with the work of Copernicus ,
who proposed a heliocentric
model of the Solar
System . His work was defended, expanded upon, and corrected by the
likes of Galileo
Galilei and Johannes
Kepler . The latter of these was the first to provide a system
which described correctly the details of the motion of the planets
with the Sun at the center. However, Kepler did not understand the
reasons behind the laws he wrote down. It was left to Newton's invention of celestial
dynamics and his law
of gravitation , the final explanation of the motions of the planets .
Astrophysics was a later development, which only became possible once
it was understood that the elements that made up the "celestial
objects" were the same that made up the Earth ,
and that the same laws
of physics applied.
Stars were found to be
far away objects, and with the advent of spectroscopy it was proved that they were similar to our own sun, but with a wide
range of temperatures , masses and sizes. The existence of our galaxy ,
the Milky
Way , as a separate group of stars was only proven in the 20th
century, along with the existence of "external" galaxies,
and soon after, the expansion of the universe seen in the recession of most galaxies from us. Cosmology ,
a discipline that has a large intersection with astronomy, made huge
advances during the 20th century, with the model of the hot big
bang heavily supported by the evidence provided by astronomy and
physics, such as the cosmic
microwave background radiation , Hubble's
Law and cosmological
abundances of elements .
For a more detailed
history of astronomy, see the history
of astronomy .
See also:
Astrophotography A Basic Primer on Astrophotography Astrocruise by Philip Perkins Astronomy
& Photography Catching
the Light by Jerry Lodriguss Chris
Vedeler's Astrophotography Gallery Chuck's
Astrophotography Comet and Sky
Astrophotography Galaxy Photography
by Jason Ware Stys
Observatory Astrophotography Multiple
amateur CCD pages* Al Kelly's CCD
instruction guide* An SCT site for
beginners Astrophotography by Jerry
Lodriguss* Robert Gendler's astro
gallery Telescope
and CCD camera links* Center for backyard
astrophysics* Latest bright
supernovae Webcam
astro-imaging (Mac) Long exposures with web cams* Astrovid StellaCam EX* Richard Jacobs' CCD images Jim
Burnell's galaxy clusters Randy Brewers astronomy Mark de Regt's
images High resolution imaging
- Thierry Legault* Astrocam* Web cam adapter AstroStack* Registax* AVI editor* Webcam high
resolution imaging Deep sky
imaging Astrophotography by
Mario Cogo Ed Grafton's CCD astronomy Al Kelly's CCD astrophotography Astrophotography by Michael R.
Good Dark sky photos of Mike
Overacker Gary Hatfield's page Astronomical photography by
Chris Coo Constellations The
Constellations and their Stars Constellation
Pronunciation Guide Christine
Kronberg's Constellation Pages David
Hayworth's Constellation Index The Dome of the
Sky Hawaiian
Astronomical Society Constellation List Marek
Dudka's List of Constellations Mythology
of the Constellations NASDA
Constellations Page Peoria
Astronomical Society Constellations Page Sea
and Sky's Pictures in the Sky SEDS
Constellation Page Sky
Eye's Constellation Page Tour
the Constellations Windows
to the Universe - Constellations
Educational
Resources Lunar
and Planetary Institute http://www.lpi.usra.edu http://www.nsta.org/ Imagine the
Universe The
Mars Millennium Project Teacher's
Lab - A Private Universe Project
Declination
Can't see Polaris from
your observing site? Need to align your telescope on an equatorial
mount? True North and magnetic North is not the same thing -
except along the zero line in the map below. Use a simple magnetic
compass and adjust for true North by using the map below that tells you
your magnetic deviation (from true North). This will get you close
enough to true North for visual observation. Numbers left of the
zero line are negative and to the right they are positive.
For more accurate - up to
date declination use the NOAA calculator at the link below:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomagmodels/Declination.jsp
Backyard
Astronomy Jack
Horkheimer's Stargazer Mysteries of
Deep Space Space Day by Lockheed
Martin The Web
Nebulae http://www.utahskies.org/deepsky/messier/charts/messierTelradFrameSet.html http://www.e-odonnell.com/myweb6/messierindex.htm Windows to the Universe
Cleaning Optics
http://www.arksky.org/asoclean.htm http://labbey.com/Files/clean.txt Cleaning
mirrors lenses optics Telescopes Binoculars Refractors The
Astronomy Connection - Cleaning Optics Peoria
Astronomical Society - Learning Topics-Cleaning Optics Alachua
Astronomy Club: Cleaning Optics with Collodion Cleaning
Solution for Optics -- MAPUG-Astronomy.net Lake
County Astronomical Society NightTimes Tutorials
Light Pollution Campaign for Dark Skies EPA
Green Lights Program International
Dark-Sky Association Light
Pollution in National Parks New
England Light Pollution Advisory Group New
Hampshire Citizens for Responsible Lighting Office
for the Protection of the Quality of the Sky Ohio Light Pollution
Advisory Council Pennsylvania
Outdoor Lighting Council PHOTON
(Please Help Ontario Turn On the Night) World
Wide Light Pollution Study
Messier
Objects
CCD Images of Messier Objects Chris
Randall's Messier Drawings Images
of the Messier Objects The
Messier Marathon SEDS
Messier Gallery
Try
finding your city at the NASA site for times you can see ISS. Click HERE for latest
breaking Space Science news. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/ http://www.marscenter.it/iss/download_iss.htm
NEW! Astrophotography
Site - GREAT Photos!!!
SPACE
- GENERAL WWW LINKS
Where is the "Space
Station" ? Note: Wait for Java applet to load. Press
J-pass for chart of when you can see the station.
Universe
Today - Space news from
around the Internet, updated every weekday.NPR
Science Friday - National Public Radio www.npr.org Real Audio Weekly Show updated each
Monday.The
Messier Objects - http://www.seds.org/billa/dssm/messier.html Radio
Amateur Satellites Orbitron
- A FREE Satellite Tracking Program
Flatland
: A Romance of Many Dimensions (Dover Thrift Editions) [UNABRIDGED] $1.50
The
Strong Force; an Explanation - The Standard Model Introduction of
everyday forces and quarks, leptons, boson's, fundamental particles and
other issues.
Fourth
Dimension
NASA LINKS NASA
TV - Video Feed More
NASA Video Feeds NASA-TV
Schedules NASA
CAM NASA
Spinoffs - Main Homepage.NASA
Spinoff Database - Online database of Earth bound uses of NASA space
technology.The
NASA Homepage NASA's
Mars page NASA's Space
Shuttle page Go NASA -
Want to show your support for the space program and NASA? Go here and
sign the NASA Space Funding Support Letter!Johnson Space
Center(JSC) - Launch control for America's human space flight
missions.
This historic new view is actually two separate
images taken by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the
Near Infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Both
images reveal galaxies that are too faint to be seen by
ground-based telescopes, or even in Hubble's previous faraway
looks, called the Hubble Deep Fields (HDFs), taken in 1995 and
1998.
Read
the full press release text
Credit: NASA , ESA ,
S. Beckwith (STScI ) and the
HUDF Team
UNIVERSE MARS
Mission Update Chemistry
& UFO's Physics-The
Universe Chemistry
of Jupite rNational Air and
Space Museum - Smithsonian Institution Homepage for the National Air
and Space Museum.http://spacelist.org
Solar
& Lunar Eclipses Eclipse Cafe Eclipse Chaser
Home Page Eric's
Black Sun Eclipse Website Fred
Espenak's Eclipse Home Page Live! Eclipse NASA
Solar Eclipse Information Upcoming
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
MAPS Delorme MapBlast Mapquest National Geologic
Map Database Thomas Bros. Maps US Census
Bureau's Tiger Mapping Service Astronomy
Cool Pictures Archive Building
an Icosahedron in the Classroom Downloadable
Software Eclipses Geometry
Center: Triangle Tilings and Polyhedra Geometry
Formulas Glossary
of astronomical terms Indentifying
Plants and Flowers Interactive
Models of Platonic and Archimedean Solids Interactive
Triangle Tiling Maker Introduction
to Isometries Introduction
to Tilings Kali:
Symmetry group Make
your own Tetrapuzzle Make-a-Fractal Phases
of the moon and planets Retrograde
Motion of planets Seasons Sky
Calendar, August 1998 Sky
Calendar, December 1998 Sky
Calendar, Index Sky
Calendar, July 1998 Sky
Calendar, November 1998 Sky
Calendar, October 1998 Sky
Calendar, September 1998 Solar
System Data Tetrahedral
Puzzles The
Orrery The
Platonic and Archimedean Solids Make
a Fractal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.support Wikipedia's phenomenal growth.
Earth science (also known as geoscience or the geosciences ), is an all-embracing term for the
sciences related to the Earth. It includes major disciplines such as geology , geophysics , meteorology , physical
geography (as opposed to human
geography ), pedology , mineralogy , paleontology , sedimentology , hydrology ,
and geodesy . marine
science and environmental
science are highly interdisciplinary branches of Earth Science.
Arguably, earth science can be regarded as a branch of planetary
science .
Earth science uses physics, mathematics, chemistry, and
biology to build a quantitative understanding of the Earth. This gives
scientists the ability to predict the future behavior of the system
known as "Planet Earth".
Like all other scientists, earth scientists apply the scientific
method : formulate hypotheses after observation of and gathering data
about natural phenomena and then test those hypotheses. In earth
science, data usually plays a critical role in testing and formulating
hypotheses. Each discipline of earth science has major paradigms that
form the basis of that specific field of study.
Geology
Science
of Minerals Grade 4 Science:
Earth and Space Science: Rocks, Minerals and
Earth Science
Activities - Minerals - Tasa Graphic Arts, Inc es
Rocks, Minerals, Fossils and Earth
Science Supplies
The Science Spot: Rocks
& Minerals
Food
Science Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs
Children's Science
Library -- Minerals & Metals :: Pustak Mahal
Earth
Science 2: Minerals (chapter 1) Mineral & Gemstone Kingdom Physical
Geology Lecture Notes TerraServer: Aerial Imagery Geology - Science Geology
- Science Geology
Science Fair Project Ideas Geology
Science Fair Projects American
Geological Institute - Serving the Geosciences Since 1948 Central
Region Geology - Science Day Photos MCC
Geology / Science News Geology
101 Lecture - Intro, Geology, Science, Plate Tectonics geology
- earth science - Explore Geology through geology science Geology.com: Earth Science on the Web GeologyLink® About
Geology -- The Complete Guide to Earth Science Geology
Discipline Home Page Geology
Entrance Yahoo!
Directory Earth Sciences > Geology and Geophysics Geology
Link Page Geological
Society of America - Geology Archive Environmental
Geology The
Journal of Geology
Geology
Labs On-Line Virtual Earthquake, Virtual Dating (Isochron and
Radiocarbon), and coming soon, Virtual Coast, Groundwater, Landslide, Plate
Techtronics, River and Volcano!Mt.
St. Helens VolcanoCam static image updated every 5 minutes...
Paleomap illustrates plate tectonic development of the ocean basins and continents, and
changing distribution of land and sea during the past 1100 million years...
Science of the
Comstock explore the famous ore deposit of silver and gold in the
Virginia Range of Storey County, Nevada, including tour, physics,
chemistry, earth science, environment, even scams!
The Virtual Cave browse the mineral wonders of the cave environment
P HYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Chapter
1: Introduction to Physical Geography The
Eighteen National Geography Standards Physical
Geography Links Physical
Geography The
Greenhouse Effect, Solar Radiation Tutorial, Physical How
the Sun Heats the Earth, Solar Radiation Tutorial, Physical tgp
- Online Tutorial - What are the different types of weathering? Geography Geography
Classroom: Physical Geography Quiz:
Gabler, Essentials of Physical Geography 7e, Ch 1 Product
Page - 8:32amOnline
Learning - Physical Geography - Landscape Appreciation Part Online
Learning - Physical Geography - Landscape Appreciation Part UTML
- Selected Web Sites - Geography DF] UNIVERSITY
OF THE WITWATERSRAND School of GEOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY Module
Catalogue - Physical Geography [PDF] physical
geography Faculty
Handbook Online 2005/06 : Module Description - Durham DLESE
Find a Resource > Subject: Physical geography Geography
Handbook 2002/3 PSIgate
- Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results MWF
Physical Geography Syllabus UWA
- Undergraduate Courses - Geography and Earth Sciences GEES:
Taught Courses [PDF] PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY-GEOLOGY BSc PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Awarding QMUL
> Department of Geography > Undergraduate > Study > [PDF] Syllabus
for GEOG 110: Physical Geography Lecture IVLE
/ Modules Online [PDF] Syllabus
for GEOG 111: Physical Geography Laboratory Remote
Sensing Tutorial Page 6-1 Google
Directory - Science > Social Sciences > Geography Earth UWA
- Undergraduate Courses - Geography and Earth Sciences DLESE
Find a Resource > Subject: Physical geography Cloud
Tutorial [PDF] Geography
05.indd University
of Exeter - Undergraduate Prospectus 2006 - Geography Queens'
College Cambridge - Geography
WEATHER
Meteorology
Guide: the online guides WEATHER
TUTORIAL WEB SITES ECN
Weather and Climate Change Tutorials Introduction WeatherTAP.com:
Real-time radar, satellite imagery, lightning Introduction
to the Weather The
Sun-Earth Connection The
Lion Roars National
Weather Service - Warning Decision Training Branch Weather
Tutorial | Lecture 1 MY
WEATHER PAGE weather
tutorial AVSIM Severe
Storms: online meteorology guide Weather
Tutorial - Utah Education Network Penn
State Meteo 297 (201): Tutorials(Map Skills)
Aeronautics Aerospace
technology Astronomy Atmosphere Climate Cosmology
(origin of the universe) Energy
sources Environment Geology Natural
disasters Oceans Plate
tectonics Pollution Rock
cycle Satellites Seasons Solar
system Space
exploration Stars Telescopes Water Water
cycle Weather
Ecology Chemical Scorecard Environmental Health Center Environmental Literacy Environmental
Protection Agency Exploring the Environment GrassRoots Recycling Network National Wildlife Federation Ecology
Tutorial Tutorial [PDF] The
Correlation of Science
Animations Biology
Tutorials Online
Learning - Basics of Ecology - Tutorial, Course and CEU Ecology/Environmental
Science Subject Guide Zoology
& Entomology - Courses
Meteorology Atmospheric
Encyclopedia Types
of Clouds Weather Channel Weather
Photography Weather Underground
Natural
Science
American
Museum of Natural History Exhibitions exhibitions vary, currently frogs,
butterflies, meteorites, art in nature, and more...Cascades
Volcano Observatory Photo Archives
Cosmic
Classroom See the world and our Universe in a different light... ultrared!Critter
Cams Live cameras all over the world, on sharks, pandas, alligators, and
more!
The
Electronic Zoo tons of animal resources (some links are outdated, but
still full of great stuff!)Encyclopedia
Smithsonian Frequently Asked Questions from Amphibians to Zoology...
Evolution evolutionary theory, illustrations, and activities for kids, written by a 7th
grader!Franklin
Institute Online: Educational Hotlist from Art to Math to Music to Science
and more...
Kids'
Castle by Smithsonian Magazine, From history to worldwide to air and space
to science and beyond, plus something new every day!Magic
School Bus great science for kids
MicroAngela Electron microscope image gallery, including cells, insects, plankton, and
more!News @
Nature The best in science journalism...
Ocean.com Think Deep! From Poseidon to Marine Conservation and beyond...Ocean
Explorer learn about, discover, and virtually explore the ocean realm
Ocean
Facts & Statistics 362,000,000 km2 or 71% of the surface of the globe
is water...On-Line
Expeditions Virtual expeditions...Extreme
2003: To the Depths of Discovery Canadian
Archipelago Throughflow Study A Black Sea
Journey Extreme
2002: Mission to the Abyss Extreme
2001: A Deep-Sea Odyssey Extreme
2000: Voyage to the Deep
ONR
Science & Technology Focus Oceanography, Space Sciences, and more...Our
Earth as Art images of the earth, taken by the Landsat-7 and ASTER
Powers
of Ten Science
in the Rainforest take a walk in a rainforest, discuss issues related to
rainforest ecology, and more...
Science
Knows No Boundaries agricultural scientists often travel to far-away
countries to gain knowledge...SeaWorld
Animal Information Database marine mammal resources, and more
Snow
Crystals snow crystal growth is a fascinating and poorly understood
process, in which remarkably complex and beautifully symmetric structures
appear, quite literally, out of thin airStudyWorks! Online Explorations From Global Warming to Humidity to Predators and more... tons of Explorations
in science and math and...
Tiger Information
Center Virtual
Frog Dissection Kit interactively dissect a (digitized) frog named
Fluffy...
Visible
Earth searchable directory of images, visualizations, and animations of
the earth...Volcanoes
Online Plate tectonics, database of volcanoes, games and more
Ugly
Bug New Hampshire contest (check the Arizona or Oklahoma links, too!),
plus great stuff from the 2001 contest...Yellowstone
National Park Click on 'Visiting Online' for virtual tours of the
world’s first national park
TUTORIALS -
FREE ONLINE
SPACE
Welcome to Windows to
the Universe! Our purpose is to develop a fun and different Web site about the
Earth and Space sciences. Windows to the Universe is graphics intensive!
This entire
website, all 56 pages and 327 images, are available as a complete self-paced,
self-learning astronomy course.
Astronomy is
the science dealing with all the celestial objects in the universe, including
the planets and their satellites (e.g. our Earth and the moon), comets and
meteors, the stars (including our sun), and interstellar matter, the star
systems known as galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.
Scientific
study of the universe, especially its large-scale structure, origin, and
evolution.
Space
Exploration is the science and engineering of spacecraft and space probes used
for investigation of physical conditions in space and in celestial bodies -
e.g. stars, planets and their moons.
A training manual for
learning the role of space science and technology for using remote sensing to
monitor planetary bodies and distant stars and galaxies.
Exploration
of the Earth's Magnetosphere
ENVIRONMENT
This 17"
x 11" poster explains where our drinking water comes from, potential
threats to the safety of our water, and what is being done to protect it.
The vision of
the ETE online series is to promote science-literate and reflective students
who are knowledgeable of the earth's processes and their responsibilities for
stewardship.
WEATHER
Sunlight
and the Earth
What
Forces Effect Our Weather
Join us as we
explore the forces behind the weather. Try your hand at tornado chasing or
discover how wind chill works. Begin by taking a look at what protects Earth
from the forbidding climate of outer space in "The Atmosphere."
